====== Making Simple Landscape ======

How to make simple landscape terrain for ArmA. [[http://community.bistudio.com/wiki/Visitor_3:_Making_of_simple_landscape|Source]].


====== Introduction ======

This tutorial documents basics of making simple and working landscape for ArmA on source data of Rahmadi island. This tutorial however does not provide exhaustive explanation of all the facets of terrain editing; it should be understood rather as a commentary to accompany sample data. Some additional information can be found in following documents:
  * Visitor 3 Manual
  * Layered Terrain Surface Representation

**In order to reproduce the creation of map properly, try to follow these steps:**
  *  Install tools, set up working folders structure for Sample Map project.
  *  Unpack required PBOs to your work drive (P:\) to make data available for editing.
  *  Start Visitor, load project and check project settings.
  *  Import surface textures before you start Buldozer.
  *  Run Buldozer and edit map.


====== Working data structure ======

PBO name is **SampleMap.pbo**, the data should be placed into **P:\ca\SampleMap\** folder on your work drive. Following subfolders can be found in it:
<code>
Data
Source
config.cpp
SampleMap.wrp
SampleMap.hpp
</code>
//Data// folder contains detailed surface textures and satellite texture and surface mask segments generated in Visitor; it should be packed into PBO. //Source// folder contains the project (PEW), helper files and source data, but it should not be a part of final PBO. WRP file contains the map itself; it is generated by Buldozer along with HPP file. HPP is included into class Names of the map's param file (config.cpp) using //#include// operator; it defines map names and appearance of 2D map symbols in game. KeyPoints tool panel of Visitor is used to insert those data.

Please note that you will have to unpack content of **buildings.pbo**, **misc.pbo**, **plants.pbo** and **rocks.pbo** in respective folders in //P:\ca\// in order to be able to work with sample data in real time viewer.

Do not do the same with **roads.pbo** as **ODOL** model roads are not suitable for use in Visitor3.

Instead use the **MLOD** format model roads supplied with the **RC3 Tools Release**.


====== Project settings ======

  *  Create new project using **Project** > **New** , **CTRL-N**, then set following in **Project parameters** dialogue:
  *  Terrain grid size to **512x512**. It is map size measured in elevation vertices.
  *  Terrain cell size to **10**, it means the distance between vertices in X/Y axis will be 10 meters.
  *  Terrain size is set automatically to **5120x5120** (m^2).
  *  Satellite Grid size - press Calculator button and **Satellite grid calculator** dialogue appears. Input image size corresponding to size of big surface texture you are going to import later. If 1 px of input raster corresponds to 1 sq. meter, it is possible to set **5120**, stick to default values in the rest of editable cases (segment size and segment overlap). **Calculator** fills in necessary values. Press **Apply proposed** and **Close**.
  *  Make sure that there is 40x40 meters value set in **Texture Layers**. It is the size of square into which the detailed textures are mapped.

{{ project_parameters.jpg }}
{{ satellite_grid_calculator.jpg }}

Important|Hint: Detailed description of **Project parameters** can be found here: [[Making Satellite Texture and Mask#Grid representation of landscape|Making Satellite Texture and Mask]].

  *  In **Tools** menu, choose **Project Preferences**. Specify path to folder, into which surface texture segments will be generated - //ca\SampleMap\data// and confirm. Setting this is important for importing big surface textures.

Important|Hint: Textures may be generated to different folder and packed into separate PBO.

  *  Save the project (**Project** > **Save**, **CTRL-S**) as //my_SampleMap.pew// or with whatever file name you want.


====== Terrain ======

There are several possibilities how to import terrain in Visitor. For the purpose of this tutorial, there are either XYZ file (text generated by MicroDEM - [[http://www.usna.edu/Users/oceano/pguth/website/microdem.htm|MicroDEM Homepage]]) or PNG file with PBL param file available. Optimum format of imported PNG is grayscale with 16 bit colour depth. Note: XYZ file depicts initial raw and unedited Rahmadi terrain.

  *  In menu **Project**, select **Import Terrain from picture**.
  *  Browse for PBL file //ca\SampleMap\Source\Terrain\terrain.pbl//. Make sure there is //terrain.png// in the same folder, for PBL file points to it.

Hint: Visitor can also export terrain to PNG, using menu Project > Export Terrain into picture... Sometimes it is handy to make raw terrain in Visitor and later smooth or alter in some raster editor.

  *  Now the terrain was imported. To check it, turn on contours (Show contours icon) and change their range using Actual preferences (icon), where it's possible to set contour interval and minimum contour (both in meters).
  *  Colours of sea, terrain elevations and contours can be set in **View** > **Define configuration** (**CTRL-F**) in  **Colors - height** panel.
  *  Visible terrain elements can be set in **View** > **View settings**, **CTRL-Q** or directly by the buttons in main toolbar.

{{ view_settings.jpg }}
{{ view_settings_toolbar.jpg }}

Important|Hint: To get better idea on terrain in the course of editing, try to turn on Show shadows button.

  *  Import of XYZ file is handled by **Project** > **Import Terrain from XYZ**.


====== Import of satellite texture and surface mask ======

This import is made using **Tools** > **Import satellite &amp; mask**. We suggest NOT to import when Buldozer is connected to Visitor. You need to have following data in your Source folder:
  *  //SatTextureName_lco.png// (sample file sat_lco.png)
  *  //SatSurfaceMaskName_lco.png// (sample file mask_lco.png)
  *  //layers.cfg//
  *  //mapLegend.png// (not necessary to alter this file in other rprojects)

In Data folder, detailed surfaces textures and RVMAT files should be prepared. Every surface has several files with same basic name and various suffices:
  * //surfaceName_MCO.png// - this map is mapped on texture layer square, it only multiplies over satellite texture
  * //surfaceName_LCO.png// - detailed texture, replaces satellite texture and MCO map on close range, together with normal map
  * //surfaceName_NOHQ.png// - normal map for detailed LCO texture

These surfaces have corresponding definition of so-called clutter (small grass, plants or stones objects) generated automatically on respective surface by the game engine, unless he surface is overlaid by some model's Roadway LOD.

After successful import, you should see **Layers** folder in Data folder of map working directory (e.g. //P:\ca\SampleMap\Data\//). Satellite texture and mask segments (PNGs) and RVMAT files for every square segment are stored in Layers folder. Please note that it is not necessary to delete its content when you re-generate the textures, Visitor is capable to regenerate and replace only changed parts. All the new PNGs should be converted to PAAs when Buldozer is started. Before you do so, it is recommended to save the project since it bears actual UV coordinates for the segments.

{{ SurfaceMapLegend.png }}

Content of MapLegend. Visitor uses only first row of pixels as RGB reference, rest of file does not have any function.

{{ Jnn_corazol_mask.jpg }} Mask for detailed surfaces in Corazol
{{ Jnn_corazol_satellite.jpg }} Satellite texture for the same area
{{ Jnn_corazol_ingamemask.jpg }} Overview of game data


====== Satellite texture ======

This texture is mapped onto terrain. In the game, it exists as a group of slightly overlapping squares. Their cutting and overlay is controlled by value of **Satellite grid** in **Tools** > **Project Parameters**.
  *  Prepare a PNG of the same size you used as input for Satellite Grid value calculation in **Project Parameters**. In Arma maps, 1 px corresponds to 1 m^2, therefore the map size in meters is equal to raster size in pixels.
  *  File should be named using suffix **_lco**, ensuring its proper conversion to PAA.

Hint: If you experiment with satellite texture and you need to regenerate it often, you may as well use _draftlco suffix, which causes binarization to use faster but less accurate conversion of generated segments to PAA. Don't forget to delete content of Layers folder when you change suffix of source rasters to _lco.


====== Surface mask ======

  *  Size of surface mask should be the same as the size of satellite texture.
  *  Surface colours in mask should be discrete to avoid any artifacts on map surface in game. Avoid smoothing or anti-aliasing. (Such things are possible but not too easy to make properly, you should follow the gradient depicted in //mapLegend.png//).
  *  It is possible to use only 4 colours on each single segment of satellite mask (note: Visitor divides both input rasters in the same way). It is because of the colour conversion of mask segments into 4 full RGB shades (black, full R, full G, full B). In your first projects, it is safer to use just 4 surfaces for the whole map and add more later as you become to know where exactly the source data is cut based on generated satellite segments.


====== Surface definitions in layers.cfg ======

  *  RGB values in //layers.cfg// must correspond to shades used in mask raster.
  *  Surface class defines one surface and defines its own set of detailed textures.
  *  If you used the same surface names as in Arma, same clutters will be displayed in the game as on original Arma surfaces.
<code>
class Layers //List of detailed surfaces in map
{
  class pisek
  {
    texture = ca\SampleMap\data\pisek_mco.png; // Overlay texture on mid-distance, visible with sat. texture
    material= ca\SampleMap\data\pisek.rvmat; // File defining detailed textures
  };

  class travajih
  {
    texture = ca\SampleMap\data\travajih_mco.png;
    material= ca\SampleMap\data\travajih.rvmat;
  };

  class mesto2
  {
    texture = ca\SampleMap\data\mesto2_mco.png;
    material= ca\SampleMap\data\mesto2.rvmat;
  };

  class pole1
  {
    texture = ca\SampleMap\data\pole1_mco.png;
    material= ca\SampleMap\data\pole1.rvmat;
  };

};

class Legend
{
  picture=ca\SampleMap\Source\mapLegend.png; // Path to mapLegend file
  class Colors
  {
    // Colours must correspond to surface names
    pisek[[]]={{255,255,0}};
    travajih[[]]={{0,255,0}};
    mesto2[[]]={{0,0,255}};
    pole1[[]]={{99,55,0}};
  }
};
</code>

Translation:
  *  pisek - sand
  *  trava - grass
  *  jih - south
  *  mesto - city
  *  pole - field


====== Inserting and editing of objects ======

Important| Before you start Buldozer and try to edit objects, make sure you have unpacked PBOs of all addons used in Arma maps: buildings.pbo, misc.pbo, plants.pbo, roads.pbo and rocks.pbo.


====== Insert to object list - object template definition ======

  *  As a first step, you need to insert all the objects you need into **Panel of objects**. You can do so using menu **Tools** > **Nature/Artificial Objects**. Depending on the list in which model is inserted, it will be hidden/shown when particular filter is activated, there is no other functionality in this classification.
  *  Objects (*.P3D) can be inserted by clicking **Add/Browse** button. In Visitor, objects exist as so-called **object templates**, defined by their template name, used model, and ranges for randomizing orientation and size on insertion.
  *  Deleting object templates from list is possible only if none of those template objects are present in the map.
  *  In **Defined Objects** window, it is possible to change name, draw properties and randomization of size, pitch and facing of selected object.

{{ Objects_definition.jpg }}


====== Inserting objects in the map ======

  *  Choose an object in **Panel of objects** and insert it with a LMB click on the map.
  *  Select inserted object by LMB click. It can be edited further:
  *  Delete (**Delete** key)
  *  Move by dragging by mouse
  *  Change its properties (**Object properties**), accessed by double-click or **Enter** key. It is possible to change:
  *  Object position
  *  Rotate selected object
  *  Elevation relative to surface (meters)
  *  Object size (%)
  *  By dragging over objects while holding LMB, multiple objects can be selected. If CTRL/SHIFT is held, objects are added/subtracted from selection.

{{ Object_properties.jpg }}

Important| Hint: If you place mouse cursor over object and press **O** key, object will be highlighted and selected in Panel of objects.


====== Named selections ======

  *  If the panel is not visible, it can be activated by **View** > **Named Selections Panel**.
  *  When objects are selected, it is possible to make named selection of them, which can be hidden, locked etc. separately.
  *  Context menu for named selections can be activated by **RMB** click in list of selections.


====== Editing terrain and objects in Buldozer ======

  *  As soon as satellite textures import is finished and you want to start with adding objects, it is possible to run Buldozer. You may do so using menu (**Project** > **Connect to Buldozer**), **CTRL-F7** key or by clicking red exclamation icon in the toolbar.
  *  When Buldozer is started for the first time or you change any textures (regenerating satellite segments, altering objects textures), Buldozer will start converting all PNGs or TGAs to PAA format, which may take a while. If application would seem not to respond, do not try to terminate it, let it finish its job.

{{ Terrain_editing.jpg }}

** Buldozer controls:**
  *  You can navigate in the map using mouse.
  *  Camera rotation is controlled by numpad (**2, 4, 6, 8**).
  *  Zoom of camera relative to cursor is handled by numeric **+, -** keys.
  *  Default distance of camera from cursor is restored by numeric key **5**.
  *  LMB selects object (if you select objects in Visitor, they are selected in Buldozer as well).
  *  Objects are rotated by holding RMB and dragging mouse sideways. Origin of rotation is defined by the position of box cursor.
  *  **Left SHIFT** key accelerates camera rotation and cursor movement.
  *  Use **H** to turn on/off arrow marking closest terrain vertex.
  *  **U / J** rises/lowers vertex by 1 meter.
  *  **I / K** rises/lowers vertex by 5 meters.

Important| Hint: If you don't see editing cursor (white box) and arrow indicating selected objects, set Buldozer to use content of unpacked UI.pbo by stating it in text file loaded when Buldozer starts. Description can be found in [[Visitor|3 Manual]] page.


====== Packing your map ======

  *  In order to pack the map PBO correctly, you need to have functional config.cpp (+HPP), WRP file, textures in PAA format and all relevant RVMAT files.
  *  If you use your custom objects in the map, you should pack them and add them to //..\Arma\Addons\// folder before trying the map in game.
  *  Please note that structures described here reflects working customs of BI. Public utility used to pack PBO files packs ALL the content of a designated addon folder (in this case //..\ca\SampleMap//), therefore it is wise to keep clean packing version separated and keep there only needed files.

Important| Hint: If you cannot see your map in map list, game crashes after you attempt to preview mission on your terrain or you cannot see surface textures, check ALL PATHS in config.cpp and RVMAT files in Data folder. Also make sure that any referenced files really do exist at the specified location.